ენობრივი კრედიტი და მისი გამოყენების წესები

      enobrivi krediti da misi gamoyenebis wesebi

კონსტანტინე გამსახურდიას პუბლიცისტური წერილების მიხედვით

თანამედროვე ეპოქაში ძალზე მტკივნეული თემაა „ენობრივი კრედიტი“ ანუ სიტყვათა სესხება. როდის უნდა ავიღოთ სხვა ენის ლექსიკური ფონდიდან სიტყვები? როგორ დავიცვათ საკუთარი ენა გადაგვარებისგან?

konstantine gamsaxurdias publicistur werilebSi dafiqsirebulia avtoris lingvisturi koncefcia .

enaTa Soris gardauvali Sedegis , sesxebis winaaRmdegi ar aris konstantine gamsaxurdia da miaCnia , rom sesxeba mizanSewonilia Tu saWiro  sityva mSobliur leqsikur wiaRSi  ar moipoveba , Tumca gamonaklisis daSvebasac ar gamoricxavs, radgan sityvaTa urTierTsesxeba da gacvla sayovelTao movlenaa.

rogorc yovel kulturul enaSi , Cvens enaSic mravali miucileblad saWiro sityvaa sxvadasxva eris cxovrebidan da mwerlobidan nebsiT Tu uneblieT Semotanili . (gamsaxurdia 1985; gv. 130)

qarTuli enis leqsikis maragSi garkveul adgils iWers nasesxebi , sxva enobrivi samyarodan Semosuli sityvebi . sesxeba enis leqsikis gamdidrebis saSualebaa . (Rlonti 1971 ; gv. 210)

leqsikuri simdidre enis ganviTarebis Sedegia . (gamsaxurdia 1985; gv. 220)

nacionaluri enisTvis leqsikuri krediti rodia mavnebeli , aramed sintaqsuri daqvemdebareba . (gamsaxurdia 1985; gv. 257)

mTavarze umTavresia nasesxeb sityvaTa gonivruli moxmara .(gamsaxurdia 1985; gv. 257)

sityvis sesxebas mravali faqtori ganapirobebs , is bunebrivia ara marto qarTuli enisaTvis , aramed mas dedamiwaze arsebuli yvela ena mimarTavs , amasTan zogi metad, zogi naklebad .(Rlonti 1971; gv. 98)

me dagisaxelebT uganaTlebules nacias dRevandel evropisas- ingliselebs , romelic ganuwyvetliv Rebulobs ucxo sityvebis nadens , rogorc mkvdar berZnul-laTinur ise axal frangul-germanul enebidan. (gamsaxurdia 1963 ; gv. 627)

rogorc yovel kulturul enas ise qarTulsac axal epoqaSi moeZala mravali cneba da sityva saerTaSoriso

JReradobisa , iseTi sityvebi , romelnic uTargmnelad Sedian yovel kulturul  enaSi.

Mme mimaCnia cru patriotizmis gamovlinebad , roca amgvari sityvebis Targmnas Seudgebian . germaneli urapatriotebi premiasac dahpirdnen im pirebs , vinc saerTasoriso sityvebis:telefonis , eleqtronis , kulturis , sezonis ,moda, germanul ekvivalents mosZebnidnen .bolos telefonis nacvlad gamoCxrikes uniaTo sityva `fernSprexer~ , romlis warmoTqmisas enas iRrZobs kaci. (gamsaxurdia 1963; gv. 587)

qarTuli isedac martoxelaa msoflio enebis ojaxebs Soris;ase rom Tu ara gvsurs sofluri ieri mivaniWoT Cvens enas , Tamamad SemovuSvaT masSi iseTi sityvebi , romelTac arc erTi civilizebuli eri ar Targmnis. (gamsaxurdia 1963; gv. 587)

xazgasmulia is garemoeba , rom qarTveli mwignobrebi , Cans , ar idgnen arasaWiro purizmis principze. sayovelTaod gavrcelebul terminologias siamoვnebiT iRebdnen ucxouri enebisagan da uguebdnen qarTul struqturul-semantikur normebs. (Rlonti 1971; gv. 102

sityvaTsesxeba qarTulSi warmoebda rogorc uSualod , upiratesad Zvel saukuneebSi( 5-8 s.s ),ise SualobiT,upiratesad me-19-me-20 saukuneebsi. SualobiT rusuli enis meSveobiT, gansakuTrebiT bevri sityva (termini) Semovida qarTulSi frangulidan , inglisuridan , germanulidan .

nasesxebi sityvari umTavresad mecnierebis , teqnikis , kulturis sferoebs ganekuTvneba . qarTuls ucxouri enebisgan SeuTvisebia mxolod arsebiTi saxelebi , iSviaTad zedsarTavi saxelebi.rac Seexeba zmnebs , nacvalsaxelebs, ricxviT saxelebs , zmniszedebs , Tandebulebs , nawilakebs , Sorisdebulebs , modalur sityvebs _ aq nasesxebi sityvari an sul ar gvaqvs an TiTo-oror SemTxvevas Tu aRniSnavs kaci .amis nimuSia , magaliTad , zmniszeda albaT , romelic arabuli enisagan Cans SeTvisebuli _ helbeT...

miuxedavad imisa , rom nasesxebi sityvari TiTqmis fexis yvela gadadgmaze gvxvdeba, qarTulSi igi mainc cotaa da enis mTlian leqsikur saganZurSi mcire procents Seadgens. (Rlonti 1971; gv. 100)

qarTuli enis leqsikis maragSi garkveul adgils nasesxebi sxva enobrivi sanmyarodan Semosuli sityvebi ikavebs . sesxeba enis leqsikis gamdidrebis friad mniSvnelovani saSualebaa. სityvis sesxebas mravali faqtori ganapirobebs , is bunebrivia ara marto qarTuli enisaTvis , aramed mas dedamiwaze arsebuli yvela ena mimarTavs , amasTan zogi metad, zogic naklebad.

marTlac , udavoa , rom `ena iseTi fenomenia , mas ori ram ayenebs zians , rogorc xelovnurad misi gamartiveba , ise xelovnurad misi daRvarWna.(gamsaxurdia 1985; gv. 481)

sesxebis dros gansakuTrebuli sifrTxilea aucilebeli, rom ar aiTqvifos erTi ena meoreSi.

`zogierT enaTmecniers seriozulad sjera , enaTa Sejvareba bedniereba iyos , bevrma arc ki icis , rom Sejvarebisas orSi erTi unda aiTqvifos~. (gamsaxurdia 1985; gv. 477)

sesxebas ar ewinaaRmdegeba konstantine gamsaxurdia mxolod im SemTxvevasi , roca enaSi amis saWiroeba da aucilebloba moiTxovs, Tumca aRniSnavs rom ` ucxo sityvis SemoReba unda xdebodes im SemTxvevaSi, roca deda qarTulSi ar moiZebneba ama Tu im cnebis badali sityva.~ (gamsaxurdia 1965’ ; gv. 32)

TavisTavad cxadia , Cven ar gvmarTebs arabuli da iranuli leqsikidan nasesxeb sityvebze uaris Tqma . cnobilia: inglisuri ena ubrwyinvalesia msoflios enaTa Soris , am enas uamravi sityva aqvs nasesxebi kelturidan , germanulidan , laTinuridan , magram jer aravis ganuzraxavs am sityaTa gaZeveba.

Cven , qarTvelebs , didi vali gvaqvs berZnulisa da laTinuri enebis winaSe . am orma brwyinvale enam mravali evropuli ena gaamdidra nasesxebi leqsikiT. cxadia , mermissiac Cven ar unda moveridoT amas . (gamsaxurdia 1965’ ; gv. 260)

Aaris SemTxveva , roca mSobliur enaSi moipoveba romelime cnebis gamosaxatavi sityva. Mmiuxedavad amisa , mwerali arCevs nasesxebi sityva ixmaros, Tu ara , sityvis xmarebaSi mwerals aTasnairi mosazreba amoZravebs .

zogi sityva daobebulia , gacveTili , aTasi sxva mwerlis pirSi , zogi sityva yrua , zogic blagvi, zogic miviwyebulia da Jangmodebuli , zogic xorkliani , zogic gamofituli.

Mme mirCevnia qarTul sityvas  `mgrZnobelobas ~ santimentaloba. Ees sityva apaTiuria , CemTvis ar aris raRac Sinagani apaTia sityvis mimarT garda amisa , am sityvaSi erTimeores xvdebian konsonantebi m . g . r . Z . n .

Uufro mets vityvi : sityva `mgrgZnobiereba~ Sewynarebeli sityvaa : me sityvis tirani rom viyo , aseT sityvebs enas movaglejdi . arian sityvebi , romelnic gatexil zarasaviT ukve aRar wkrialeben da Tqven rusTaveliseuli energiiTac rom mouqnioT , ver gamoaRebinebT mas idumal wkrials , romelic yoveli kargi sityvidan mogvesmis Cven...

Aarian sityvebi , romelnic siZveleTa savaneSi unda iqnan Senaxulni rogorc Zveli sistemis zarbaznebi , romelTac Tanamedrove omSi kargi vaJkacic ver ixmars .

Aarian sityvebi , romelnic savsebiT unda iqnan gaZevebulni. Aarian  sityvebi , romelTac verc erTi saxelmwifuri , eTniuri da nacionaluri sazRvrebi ver daakaveben , isini ideur atmosferos dahyvebian.

Aarsebobs gadauTargmneli sityvebi.

Aarian Seucvleli sityvebi .

Aaxal kulturas mudam axali sityvebis mayrebi mouZRvian win . (gamsaxurdia 1963; gv. 629)

qarTuli leqsikis nimuSebi msoflios mravali xalxis enaSia damkვidrebuli უTierTobaTa , mxatvruli da samecniero literaturis gacvlis , Targmanebis , miwer-moweris , vaWrobisa da mimosvlis gafarToebis wyalobiT aTobiT RviZli qarTuli sityva gavrcelda sxva enebSi . amitom cal-calkea gasaTvaliswinebeli ara marto ucxouri leqsika qarTul enaSi , aramed qarTuli leqsikac ucxour enebSi . ( Rlonti 1971; gv.104 )

yovel cocxal enas moepoveba dauSreteli idiomuri auzi , es aris berZnuli da laTinuri ena .

qarTul enas yvela ucxo enebze ufro exameba am enebidan aRebuli sityvebi .

es ori ena dRes upatrono kapitalia , igi yvelas ekuTvnis .

me ar mwams `nacionalizmi~ enis sakiTxSi . ( gamsaxurdia 1963; gv. 628)

enis sakiTxSi me odnav sxvagvarad vfiqrob , magram es mtrobad ar unda CamomerTvas .( gamsaxurdia 1965’ ; gv.26)

sityvaTa urTierTsesxeba da gacvla sayovelTao movlenaa .(Rlonti 1971; gv.105)

konstantine gamsaxurdias sesxebasTan dakavSirebiT zogierT sakiTxSi sruliad sxvagvari xedva aqvs .

mTavarze umTavresia nasesxeb sityvaTa gonivruli moxmareba .araerTgzis miTqvams saqarTvelos mweralTa kavSirisa da mecnierebaTa akademiis tribunidan : moveridoT-meTqi nasesxeb sityvaTa urigod xmarebas .

am saqmeSi mxolod akademikoss giorgi wereTelma damiWira mxari . kategoriulad unda aRvkveToT franguli sufiqsis ` al~-isa da `ik~-is xmareba . zogierT magaliTs aqac moviyvan :

lirikulis nacvlad unda daiweros      liriuli ,

epikuris nacvlad                epiuri ,

santimentaluris nacvlad       santimenturi ,

simboliuris nacvlad           simboluri ,

gotiuris nacvlad               goturi ,

infernali                        infernuli ,

Teatraluris nacvlad           saTeatro ,

Eepoqaluris nacvlad       epoquri , an epoqismieri ,

momentaluris nacvlad          momenturi ,

fundamentaluris nacvlad      fundamenturi ,

fenomuri da ara fenomenaluri ,

provinciuli da ara provincialuri .

vinc qarTuli enis bunebas kargad ar icnobs, mxolod mis smenas ar examuSeba arsebiTi saxelebis naTesaobiT brunvaSi daxergva, qarTul enas uyvars xmovanebiT daboloeba sityvisa. daakvirdiT rusTavelis da mraval warCinebul mwerals.

am garemoebis ver Semcnobi oratorebi ixrCobian Tanxmovanebis daxergvis meoxebiT. ( gamsaxurdia 1965’ ; gv. 261)

ena is kalapotia, azrovnebis unarTan erTad SeZenili is suliskveTeba, romelSic moeqceva xolme mxatvrul saxeTa yovelgvari xorcSesxma. `xeebi dgas ~, `Rrubeli micuravs ~, `mze amoiwvera~, `bindi Camowva~ _ am trivialur gamoTqmebSic ki ukufenilia xatovani azrovnebis elementebi da Tumca yoveldRiuri gamoyenebisas TiTqos SeumCnevelni , gaumWirvaleni xdebian , mainc gansazRvraven samyaros Cveneul xedvas , ris gamoc Cven irgvliv arsebuli sagnebi da movlenebi damatebiT Tvisebas, Rirebulebas iZens. es ki arsebiTad gansazRvravs kidec sinamdvilis poetur xedvas, siaxlis aRmoCenas samyaros dasabamidan cnobil sagnebsa da movlenebSi.

ra aris is Zala, romelic gadagvarebisagan ixsnis ers, raa is arsebiTi erovnuli niSani, romelic aaRorZinebs erovnul TviTSegnebis miviwyebul suliskveTebas, Tavis adgils moupovebs qarTvelebs sxva erebs Soris da maT amiT daanaxebs sakuTar TviTmyofadobas.

ra aris is, rac xidad gaideba winaparsa da momavals Soris, warsulasa da awmyos Soris, ra aerTianebs gardasulsa da momavals,  ra unarCunebs maT erTianobas

erTaderTi ram ------ ena

ai, am gadasaxedidan afasebda ilia enas.

yvela sxva sakiTxi erovnuli brZolisa aq iyrida Tavs, amiT iyo nakvebi da nakarnaxevi. ( jorbenaZe 1987; gv. 27 )

enaTa urTierTobis aucielეbeli Sedegia enaTa urTierTgavlena . es gavlena sxvadaxva dros sxvadasxva intensivobis aris. rac ufro `Sekrulia~, Semofarglulia sistemobrivad enis esa Tu is rgoli, miT ufro Znelia gareSe elementebis SeRweva masSi.  ( foCxua 1979; gv. 343 )